2008年3月27日
日本ウイルス学会 西山幸廣
ウイルスはその宿主によって細菌ウイルス、植物ウイルス、動物ウイルスなどに大別されるが、International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses(ICTV)による現在の分類法ではウイルス粒子に含まれるゲノム核酸の性状とウイルスの増殖機構に基づいてまずはグループ分けされる。第8次ICTV Report(2005)では未分類のものを含め5450を越えるウイルスが登録され、約1950の種(species)、287の属(genera)、9亜科(subfamily)、73科(family)、そして3つの目(order)が認定されている。ヒトを固有の宿主とするウイルスだけでも数百種を越えるので、今後も膨大な数の新種が発見されるものと予想される。下記の分類表では動物を宿主とするウイルス種をほぼ網羅する30科とそこに含まれる140属を示す。
科 亜科 | 属 | 代表種 (type species) |
宿主 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
The dsDNA viruses(二本鎖DNAウイルス) | ||||
Poxviridae | ||||
Chordopoxvirinae | ||||
Orthopoxvirus* | Vaccinia virus | V | ||
Parapoxvirus* | Orf virus | V | ||
Avipoxvirus | Fowlpox virus | V | ||
Capripoxvirus | Sheeppox virus | V | ||
Leporipoxvirus | Myxoma virus | V | ||
Suipoxvirus | Swinepox virus | V | ||
Molluscipoxvirus* | Molluscum contagiosum virus | V | ||
Yatapoxvirus* | Yaba monkey tumor virus | V | ||
Entomopoxvirinae | ||||
Alphaentomopoxvirus | Melolontha melolontha entomopoxvirus | I | ||
Betaentomopoxvirus | Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus'L' | I | ||
Gammaentomopoxvirus | Chironomus luridus entomopoxvirus | I | ||
Asfarviridae | Asfivirus | African swine fever virus | V, I | |
Iridoviridae | Iridovirus | Invertebrate iridescent virus 6 | I | |
Chloriridovirus | Invertebrate iridescent virus 3 | I | ||
Ranavirus | Frog virus 3 | V | ||
Lymphocystivirus | Lymphocystis disease virus 1 | V | ||
Megalocytivirus | Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus | V | ||
Baculoviridae | Nucleopolyhedrovirus | Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus | I | |
Granulovirus | Cydia pomonella granulovirus | I | ||
Nimaviridae | Whispovirus | White spot syndrome virus 1 | I | |
Herpesviridae | ||||
Alphaherpesvirinae | ||||
Simplexvirus* | Human herpesvirus 1 | V | ||
Varicellovirus* | Human herpesvirus 3 | V | ||
Mardivirus | Gallid herpesvirus 2 | V | ||
Iltovirus | Gallid herpesvirus 1 | V | ||
Betaherpesvirinae | ||||
Cytomegalovirus* | Human herpesvirus 5 | V | ||
Muromegalovirus | Murid herpesvirus 1 | V | ||
Roseolovirus* | Human herpesvirus 6 | V | ||
Gammaherpesvirinae | ||||
Lymphocryptovirus* | Human herpesvirus 4 | V | ||
Rhadinovirus* | Saimiriine herpesvirus 2 | V | ||
Adenoviridae | Mastadenovirus* | Human adenovirus C | V | |
Aviadenovirus | Fowl adenovirus A | V | ||
Atadenovirus | Ovine adenovirus D | V | ||
Siadenovirus | Frog adenovirus | V | ||
Polyomaviridae | Polyomavirus* | Simian virus 40 | V | |
Papillomaviridae | Alphapapillomavirus* | Human papillomavirus 32 | V | |
Betapapillomavirus* | Human papillomavirus 5 | V | ||
Gammapapillomavirus* | Human papillomavirus 4 | V | ||
Deltapapillomavirus | European elk papillomavirus | V | ||
Epsilonpapillomavirus | Bovine papillomavirus 5 | V | ||
Zetapapillomavirus | Equine papillomavirus 1 | V | ||
Etapapillomavirus | Fringilla coelebs papillomavirus | V | ||
Thetapapillomavirus | Psittacus erithacus timneh papillomavirus | V | ||
Iotapapillomavirus | Mastomys natalensis papillomavirus | V | ||
Kappapapillomavirus | Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus | V | ||
Lambdapapillomavirus | Canine oral papillomavirus | V | ||
Mupapillomavirus* | Human papillomavirus 1 | V | ||
Nupapillomavirus* | Human papillomavirus 41 | V | ||
Xipapillomavirus | Bovine papillomavirus 3 | V | ||
Omikronpapillomavirus | Phocoena spinipinnis papillomavirus | V | ||
Pipapillomavirus | Hamster oral papillomavirus | V | ||
The ssDNA viruses(一本鎖DNAウイルス) | ||||
Circoviridae | Circovirus | Porcine circovirus-1 | V | |
Gyrovirus | Chicken anemia virus | V | ||
Anellovirus | Torque teno virus | V | ||
Parvoviridae | ||||
Parvovirinae | ||||
Parvovirus | Minute virus of mice | V | ||
Erythrovirus* | Human parvovirus B19 | V | ||
Dependovirus* | Adeno-associated virus 2 | V | ||
Amdovirus | Aleutian mink disease virus | V | ||
Bocavirus | Bovine parvovirus | V | ||
Densovirinae | ||||
Densovirus | Junonia coenia densovirus | I | ||
Iteravirus | Bombyx mori densovirus | I | ||
Brevidensovirus | Aedes angypti densovirus | I | ||
Pefudensovirus | Periplaneta fuliginosa densovirus | I | ||
The DNA and RNA reverse transcribing viruses (DNA及びRNA逆転写ウイルス) | ||||
Hepadnaviridae | Orthohepadnavirus* | Hepatitis B virus | V | |
Avihepadnavirus | Duck hepatitis B virus | V | ||
Retroviridae | ||||
Orthoretrovirinae | ||||
Alpharetrovirus | Avian leukosis virus | V | ||
Betaretrovirus | Mouse mammary tumor virus | V | ||
Gammaretrovirus | Murine leukemia virus | V | ||
Deltaretrovirus* | Bovine leukemia virus | V | ||
Epsilonretrovirus | Walleye dermal sarcoma virus | V | ||
Lentivirus* | Human immunodeficiency virus 1 | V | ||
Spumaretrovirinae | ||||
Spumavirus* | Simian foamy virus | V | ||
The dsRNA viruses(二本鎖RNAウイルス) | ||||
Reoviridae | Orthoreovirus* | Mammalian orthoreovirus | V | |
Orbivirus* | Bluetongue virus | V, I | ||
Rotavirus* | Rotavirus A | V | ||
Coltivirus* | Colorado tick fever virus | V, I | ||
Seadornavirus* | Banna virus | V | ||
Aquareovirus | Aquareovirus A | V | ||
Idnoreovirus | Idnoreovirus 1 | I | ||
Cypovirus | Cypovirus 1 | I | ||
Fijivirus | Fiji disease virus | P, I | ||
Phytoreovirus | Wound tumor virus | P, I | ||
Oryzavirus | Rice ragged stunt virus | P, I | ||
Mycoreovirus | Mycoreovirus 1 | F | ||
Birnaviridae | Aquabirnavirus | Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus | V | |
Avibirnavirus | Infectious bursal disease virus | V | ||
Entomobirnavirus | Drosophila X virus | I | ||
The negative stranded ssRNA viruses(マイナス一本鎖RNAウイルス) | ||||
Bornaviridae | Bornavirus* | Borna disease virus | V | |
Rhabdoviridae | Vesiculovirus* | Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus | V, I | |
Lyssavirus* | Rabies virus | V | ||
Ephemerovirus | Bovine ephemeral fever virus | V, I | ||
Novirhabdovirus | Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus | V | ||
Cytorhabdovirus | Lettuce necrotic yellows virus | P, I | ||
Nucleorhabdovirus | Potato yellow dwarf virus | P, I | ||
Filoviridae | Marburgvirus* | Lake Victoria marburgvirus | V | |
Paramyxoviridae | ||||
Paramyxovirinae | ||||
Rubulavirus* | Mumps virus | V | ||
Avulavirus | Newcasle disease virus | V | ||
Respirovirus* | Sendai virus | V | ||
Henipavirus* | Hendra virus | V | ||
Morbillivirus* | Measles virus | V | ||
Pneumovirinae | ||||
Pneumovirus* | Human respiratory syncytial virus | V | ||
Metapneumovirus* | Avian metapneumovirus | V | ||
Orthomyxoviridae | Influenzavirus A* | Influenza A virus | V | |
Influenzavirus B* | Influenza B virus | V | ||
Influenzavirus C* | Influenza C virus | V | ||
Thogotovirus* | Thogoto virus | V, I | ||
Isavirus | Infectious salmon anemia virus | V | ||
Bunyaviridae | Orthobunyavirus* | Bunyamwera virus | V, I | |
Hantavirus* | Hantaan virus | V | ||
Nairovirus* | Dugbe virus | V, I | ||
Phlebovirus* | Rift Valley fever virus | V, I | ||
Tospovirus | Tomato spotted wilt virus | P, I | ||
Arenaviridae | Arenavirus* | Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus | V | |
- | Deltavirus* | Hepatitis delta virus | V | |
The positive stranded ssRNA viruses(プラス一本鎖RNAウイルス) | ||||
Picornaviridae | Enterovirus* | Poliovirus | V | |
Rhinovirus* | Human rhinovirus A | V | ||
Cardiovirus* | Encephalomyocarditis virus | V | ||
Aphthovirus | Foot-and-mouth disease virus | V | ||
Hepatovirus* | Hepatitis A virus | V | ||
Parechovirus* | Human parechovirus | V | ||
Erbovirus | Equine rhinitis B virus | V | ||
Kobuvirus* | Aichi virus | V | ||
Teschovirus | Porcine teschovirus | V | ||
Caliciviridae | Lagovirus | Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus | V | |
Norovirus* | Norwalk virus | V | ||
Sapovirus* | Sapporo virus | V | ||
Vesivirus | Vesicular exanthema of swine virus | V | ||
- | Hepevirus* | Hepatitis E virus | V | |
Astroviridae | Avastrovirus | Turkey astrovirus | V | |
Mamastrovirus* | Human astrovirus | V | ||
Nodaviridae | Alphanodavirus | Nodamura virus | I | |
Betanodavirus | Striped jack nervous necrosis virus | V | ||
Coronaviridae | Coronavirus* | Infectious bronchitis virus | V | |
Torovirus* | Equine torovirus | V | ||
Arteriviridae | Arterivirus | Equine arteritis virus | V | |
Flaviviridae | Flavivirus* | Yellow fever virus | V, I | |
Pestivirus | Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 | V | ||
Hepacivirus* | Hepatitis C virus | I | ||
Togaviridae | Alphavirus* | Sindbis virus | V, I | |
Rubivirus* | Rubella virus | V |
宿主のVは脊椎動物、Iは無脊椎動物、Pは植物、Fは真菌を表す。
ヒトを固有の宿主とするウイルス、ヒトに病原性を示すウイルス、あるいはヒトへの感染が報告されているウイルス種を含む属は、属名の後ろに星印(*)を付けた。