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ウイルスの分類

2008年3月27日
日本ウイルス学会　西山幸廣

　ウイルスはその宿主によって細菌ウイルス、植物ウイルス、動物ウイルスなどに大別されるが、International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses(ICTV)による現在の分類法ではウイルス粒子に含まれるゲノム核酸の性状とウイルスの増殖機構に基づいてまずはグループ分けされる。第8次ICTV Report(2005)では未分類のものを含め5450を越えるウイルスが登録され、約1950の種(species)、287の属(genera)、9亜科(subfamily)、73科(family)、そして3つの目(order)が認定されている。ヒトを固有の宿主とするウイルスだけでも数百種を越えるので、今後も膨大な数の新種が発見されるものと予想される。下記の分類表では動物を宿主とするウイルス種をほぼ網羅する30科とそこに含まれる140属を示す。

科　　　　亜科   属 代表種
（type species）		 宿主
The dsDNA viruses（二本鎖DNAウイルス）
Poxviridae
Chordopoxvirinae
    Orthopoxvirus* Vaccinia virus V
    Parapoxvirus* Orf virus V
    Avipoxvirus Fowlpox virus V
    Capripoxvirus Sheeppox virus V
    Leporipoxvirus Myxoma virus V
    Suipoxvirus Swinepox virus V
    Molluscipoxvirus* Molluscum contagiosum virus V
    Yatapoxvirus* Yaba monkey tumor virus V
Entomopoxvirinae
    Alphaentomopoxvirus Melolontha melolontha entomopoxvirus I
    Betaentomopoxvirus Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus'L' I
    Gammaentomopoxvirus Chironomus luridus entomopoxvirus I
Asfarviridae   Asfivirus African swine fever virus V, I
Iridoviridae   Iridovirus Invertebrate iridescent virus 6 I
    Chloriridovirus Invertebrate iridescent virus 3 I
    Ranavirus Frog virus 3 V
    Lymphocystivirus Lymphocystis disease virus 1 V
    Megalocytivirus Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus V
Baculoviridae   Nucleopolyhedrovirus Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus I
    Granulovirus Cydia pomonella granulovirus I
Nimaviridae   Whispovirus White spot syndrome virus 1 I
Herpesviridae
Alphaherpesvirinae
    Simplexvirus* Human herpesvirus 1 V
    Varicellovirus* Human herpesvirus 3 V
    Mardivirus Gallid herpesvirus 2 V
    Iltovirus Gallid herpesvirus 1 V
Betaherpesvirinae
    Cytomegalovirus* Human herpesvirus 5 V
    Muromegalovirus Murid herpesvirus 1 V
    Roseolovirus* Human herpesvirus 6 V
Gammaherpesvirinae
    Lymphocryptovirus* Human herpesvirus 4 V
    Rhadinovirus* Saimiriine herpesvirus 2 V
Adenoviridae Mastadenovirus* Human adenovirus C V
    Aviadenovirus Fowl adenovirus A V
    Atadenovirus Ovine adenovirus D V
    Siadenovirus Frog adenovirus V
Polyomaviridae Polyomavirus* Simian virus 40 V
Papillomaviridae Alphapapillomavirus* Human papillomavirus 32 V
    Betapapillomavirus* Human papillomavirus 5 V
    Gammapapillomavirus* Human papillomavirus 4 V
    Deltapapillomavirus European elk papillomavirus V
    Epsilonpapillomavirus Bovine papillomavirus 5 V
    Zetapapillomavirus Equine papillomavirus 1 V
    Etapapillomavirus Fringilla coelebs papillomavirus V
    Thetapapillomavirus Psittacus erithacus timneh papillomavirus V
    Iotapapillomavirus Mastomys natalensis papillomavirus V
    Kappapapillomavirus Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus V
    Lambdapapillomavirus Canine oral papillomavirus V
    Mupapillomavirus* Human papillomavirus 1 V
    Nupapillomavirus* Human papillomavirus 41 V
    Xipapillomavirus Bovine papillomavirus 3 V
    Omikronpapillomavirus Phocoena spinipinnis papillomavirus V
    Pipapillomavirus Hamster oral papillomavirus V
The ssDNA viruses（一本鎖DNAウイルス）
Circoviridae Circovirus Porcine circovirus-1 V
    Gyrovirus Chicken anemia virus V
    Anellovirus Torque teno virus V
Parvoviridae
Parvovirinae
    Parvovirus Minute virus of mice V
    Erythrovirus* Human parvovirus B19 V
    Dependovirus* Adeno-associated virus 2 V
    Amdovirus Aleutian mink disease virus V
    Bocavirus Bovine parvovirus V
Densovirinae
    Densovirus Junonia coenia densovirus I
    Iteravirus Bombyx mori densovirus I
    Brevidensovirus Aedes angypti densovirus I
    Pefudensovirus Periplaneta fuliginosa densovirus I
The DNA and RNA reverse transcribing viruses （DNA及びRNA逆転写ウイルス）
Hepadnaviridae Orthohepadnavirus* Hepatitis B virus V
    Avihepadnavirus Duck hepatitis B virus V
Retroviridae
Orthoretrovirinae
    Alpharetrovirus Avian leukosis virus V
    Betaretrovirus Mouse mammary tumor virus V
    Gammaretrovirus Murine leukemia virus V
    Deltaretrovirus* Bovine leukemia virus V
    Epsilonretrovirus Walleye dermal sarcoma virus V
    Lentivirus* Human immunodeficiency virus 1 V
Spumaretrovirinae
    Spumavirus* Simian foamy virus V
The dsRNA viruses（二本鎖RNAウイルス）
Reoviridae Orthoreovirus* Mammalian orthoreovirus V
    Orbivirus* Bluetongue virus V, I
    Rotavirus* Rotavirus A V
    Coltivirus* Colorado tick fever virus V, I
    Seadornavirus* Banna virus V
    Aquareovirus Aquareovirus A V
    Idnoreovirus Idnoreovirus 1 I
    Cypovirus Cypovirus 1 I
    Fijivirus Fiji disease virus P, I
    Phytoreovirus Wound tumor virus P, I
    Oryzavirus Rice ragged stunt virus P, I
    Mycoreovirus Mycoreovirus 1 F
Birnaviridae Aquabirnavirus Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus V
    Avibirnavirus Infectious bursal disease virus V
    Entomobirnavirus Drosophila X virus I
The negative stranded ssRNA viruses（マイナス一本鎖RNAウイルス）
Bornaviridae Bornavirus* Borna disease virus V
Rhabdoviridae Vesiculovirus* Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus V, I
    Lyssavirus* Rabies virus V
    Ephemerovirus Bovine ephemeral fever virus V, I
    Novirhabdovirus Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus V
    Cytorhabdovirus Lettuce necrotic yellows virus P, I
    Nucleorhabdovirus Potato yellow dwarf virus P, I
Filoviridae Marburgvirus* Lake Victoria marburgvirus V
Paramyxoviridae
Paramyxovirinae
    Rubulavirus* Mumps virus V
    Avulavirus Newcasle disease virus V
    Respirovirus* Sendai virus V
    Henipavirus* Hendra virus V
    Morbillivirus* Measles virus V
Pneumovirinae
    Pneumovirus* Human respiratory syncytial virus V
    Metapneumovirus* Avian metapneumovirus V
Orthomyxoviridae Influenzavirus A* Influenza A virus V
    Influenzavirus B* Influenza B virus V
    Influenzavirus C* Influenza C virus V
    Thogotovirus* Thogoto virus V, I
    Isavirus Infectious salmon anemia virus V
Bunyaviridae Orthobunyavirus* Bunyamwera virus V, I
    Hantavirus* Hantaan virus V
    Nairovirus* Dugbe virus V, I
    Phlebovirus* Rift Valley fever virus V, I
    Tospovirus Tomato spotted wilt virus P, I
Arenaviridae Arenavirus* Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus V
- Deltavirus* Hepatitis delta virus V
The positive stranded ssRNA viruses（プラス一本鎖RNAウイルス）
Picornaviridae Enterovirus* Poliovirus V
    Rhinovirus* Human rhinovirus A V
    Cardiovirus* Encephalomyocarditis virus V
    Aphthovirus Foot-and-mouth disease virus V
    Hepatovirus* Hepatitis A virus V
    Parechovirus* Human parechovirus V
    Erbovirus Equine rhinitis B virus V
    Kobuvirus* Aichi virus V
    Teschovirus Porcine teschovirus V
Caliciviridae Lagovirus Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus V
    Norovirus* Norwalk virus V
    Sapovirus* Sapporo virus V
    Vesivirus Vesicular exanthema of swine virus V
- Hepevirus* Hepatitis E virus V
Astroviridae Avastrovirus Turkey astrovirus V
    Mamastrovirus* Human astrovirus V
Nodaviridae Alphanodavirus Nodamura virus I
    Betanodavirus Striped jack nervous necrosis virus V
Coronaviridae Coronavirus* Infectious bronchitis virus V
    Torovirus* Equine torovirus V
Arteriviridae Arterivirus Equine arteritis virus V
Flaviviridae Flavivirus* Yellow fever virus V, I
    Pestivirus Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 V
    Hepacivirus* Hepatitis C virus I
Togaviridae Alphavirus* Sindbis virus V, I
    Rubivirus* Rubella virus V

宿主のVは脊椎動物、Iは無脊椎動物、Pは植物、Fは真菌を表す。
ヒトを固有の宿主とするウイルス、ヒトに病原性を示すウイルス、あるいはヒトへの感染が報告されているウイルス種を含む属は、属名の後ろに星印（＊）を付けた。